Table 1 Z-score of neuropsychological tests in patients

Memory (short term, intermediate term)

The Short Story module of the Randt Memory

 immediate

− 0.89 ± 0.99

− 0.22 ± 1.12

0.01^†

 delayed recall

− 0.37 ± 1.43

− 0.01 ± 1.12

0.10

Psychomotor speed

Trail Making Test (Part A)

− 0.52 ± 0.67

− 0.27 ± 0.44

0.03^*

Digit Symbol subtest of the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-Revised (Chinese edition)

− 1.49 ± 1.38

− 0.43 ± 1.08

0.01^†

Manual dexterity

Grooved Pegboard Test

 dominant

− 0.73 ± 1.61

− 0.33 ± 0.96

0.15

 non-dominant

− 2.05 ± 2.48

− 0.69 ± 1.19

0.01^†

Attention and concentration

Digit Span subtests (forward and backward) of the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-Revised (Chinese edition)

− 0.43 ± 1.19

− 0.23 ± 1.39

0.41

Speed and flexibility of Verbal thought process

The Verbal Fluency Test

− 1.06 ± 1.31

− 0.47 ± 1.03

0.01^*

Motor domain

Finger tapping

− 1.24 ± 1.36

− 0.02 ± 1.77

0.01^†

Perceptual-spatial function

Block subtest of the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-Revised (Chinese edition)

− 0.54 ± 1.57

0.02 ± 0.90

0.03*