Table 1 Patient characteristics
From: Postoperative analgesia for upper gastrointestinal surgery: a retrospective cohort analysis
Non-neuraxial (n = 168) | Intrathecal Morphine (n = 79) | Thoracic epidural Analgesia (n = 180) | |
|---|---|---|---|
Age (years) | 58 (44 – 67) | 62 (50—71) | 65 (56 – 71) |
Female sex | 94 (56%) | 41 (52%) | 76 (42%) |
American Society of Anesthesiologists Physical Status | |||
1 | 5 (42%) | 3 (25%) | 4 (33%) |
2 | 51 (44%) | 18 (16%) | 46 (40%) |
3 | 101 (36%) | 57 (20%) | 121 (43%) |
4 | 11 (52%) | 1 (5%) | 9 (43%) |
Surgical approach | |||
Laparoscopic | 102 (85%) | 14 (12%) | 4 (3%) |
Open | 63 (21%) | 63 (21%) | 174 (58%) |
Laparoscopic converted to open | 3 (43%) | 2 (29%) | 2 (29%) |
Surgery Type Based on Extent | |||
Type 1: extensive major surgery | 75 (34%) | 59 (27%) | 88 (40%) |
liver resections, splenectomy, distal pancreas resection, gastric resection | |||
Type 2: most extensive major surgery | 5 (5%) | 12 (12%) | 87 (84%) |
pancreato-duodenectomy, esophagectomy | |||
Type 3: major surgery | 88 (87%) | 8 (8%) | 5 (5%) |
diaphragmatic hernia repair, bariatric surgery, hiatus hernia repair, resection gallbladder fossa | |||