Table 2 Inclusion and exclusion criteria and primary and secondary trial outcomes matching systematic review outcomes
Year and author | Inclusion criteria | Exclusion criteria | Primary outcomes | Secondary outcomes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Flisberg et al. 2001 | ASA 1–3, thoracoabdominal oesophagectomy | NR | Nil | Pain scores at 24 and 48 h |
Yokoyama et al. 2005 | ASA 1–2, radical oesophagectomy, oesophageal cancer | Preoperative steroid/NSAID | Nil | Pain scores at 24 and 48 h |
Fares et al. 2014 | ASA 1–2, age 20–60 years, Ivor Lewis oesophagectomy | NYHA 3–4, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, CKD, Child–Pugh B liver failure or worse, bleeding diathesis. Preoperative steroid | Pulmonary complications | Pain scores at 24 and 48 h |
Liu and Wang 2015 | ASA 1–2, age 40–65 years, 45–70 kg, radical oesophagectomy and thoracotomy | Preoperative radiotherapy or chemotherapy. Endocrine/metabolic diseases, antiplatelet/anticoagulant drugs. Perioperative blood transfusion | Nil | Pain scores at 24 and 48 h |
Wang et al. 2017 | ASA 1–2, age 18–65 years, BMI 18–30 | Heart/liver/kidney/electrolyte/neuromuscular/immune/endocrine disorder. Postoperative mechanical ventilation or secondary surgery during study | Nil | Pain scores at 24 and 48 h, PONV, LOS |
Wang et al. 2019 | Elective radical oesophagectomy | ASA 4, preoperative opioids/NSAIDs/immunosuppressive drugs. Cardiovascular/immune/endocrine disease | Nil | Pain scores at 24 and 48 h |
Li 2019 | ASA 1–2, age 40–65 years, 45–80 kg, thoracoabdominal oesophagectomy, gastro-oesophageal carcinoma | Preoperative chemo/radiotherapy, cardiovascular/autoimmune/endocrine/metabolic/coagulation/kidney/liver disorder. Preoperative opioid/NSAID/blood transfusion. Postoperative mechanical ventilation | Nil | Pain scores at 24 and 48 h, PONV |
Zhu et al. 2020 | ASA 1–2, thoracotomy | Preoperative chemo/radiotherapy/opioid/immunosuppressant/steroid. Autoimmune/endocrine/metabolic diseases. Abnormal liver and kidney function tests. Perioperative blood transfusion | Nil | Pain scores at 24 and 48 h |
Maghsoudloo et al. 2023 | 20–80 years, oesophagectomy | ASA 3 or higher, coagulation/severe haemodynamic/severe movement/chest/neurological disorders, substance abuse | Pulmonary complications | Pain scores at 24 and 48 h |
Xu et al. 2023 | > 17 years, thoraco-laparoscopic (McKeown) oesophagectomy | Open oesophagectomy, chronic pain with opioid use, not suitable for one lung ventilation, prior lung surgery | Pulmonary complications | Pain scores at 24 and 48 h, LOS |