Table 1 The demographic and clinical characteristics (N = 2387)

No. of patients

732

1103

552

Age (year)

82.24 ± 6.39

79.23 ± 6.63

76.51 ± 6.23

 < 0.001

 < 0.001

Gender

 < 0.001

-

 Male

285 (38.93%)

372 (33.73%)

124 (22.46%)

 Female

447 (61.07%)

731 (66.27%)

428 (77.54%)

Occupation

0.296

-

 Retirement

415 (56.69%)

663 (60.11%)

308 (55.80%)

 Farmer

183 (25.00%)

257 (23.30%)

132 (23.91%)

 Other

134 (18.31%)

183 (16.59%)

112 (20.29%)

History of allergy

0.676

-

 No

702 (95.90%)

1055 (95.65%)

533 (96.56%)

 Yes

30 (4.10%)

48 (4.35%)

19 (3.44%)

Injury mechanism

0.025

-

 Falling

702 (95.90%)

1070 (97.01%)

535 (96.92%)

 Accident

18 (2.46%)

29 (2.63%)

15 (2.72%)

 Other

12 (1.64%)

4 (0.36%)

2 (0.36%)

Fracture classification

 < 0.001

-

 Intertrochanteric fracture

593 (81.01%)

793 (71.89%)

319 (57.79%)

 Femoral neck fracture

119 (16.26%)

282 (25.57%)

221 (40.04%)

 Subtrochanteric fracture

20 (2.73%)

28 (2.54%)

12 (2.17%)

aCCI

 < 0.001

-

 2

15 (2.05%)

43 (3.90%)

46 (8.33%)

 3

75 (10.25%)

241 (21.85%)

148 (26.81%)

 4

319 (43.58%)

434 (39.35%)

214 (38.77%)

 5

214 (29.23%)

268 (24.30%)

101 (18.30%)

 6

83 (11.34%)

94 (8.52%)

30 (5.43%)

 7

24 (3.28%)

17 (1.54%)

12 (2.17%)

 8

2 (0.27%)

5 (0.45%)

1 (0.18%)

 9

0 (0.00%)

1 (0.09%)

0 (0.00%)

Hypertension

 < 0.001

-

 No

430 (58.74%)

541 (49.05%)

250 (45.29%)

 Yes

302 (41.26%)

562 (50.95%)

302 (54.71%)

Diabetes

 < 0.001

-

 No

629 (85.93%)

872 (79.06%)

408 (73.91%)

 Yes

103 (14.07%)

231 (20.94%)

144 (26.09%)

CHD

0.034

-

 No

317 (43.31%)

545 (49.41%)

265 (48.01%)

 Yes

415 (56.69%)

558 (50.59%)

287 (51.99%)

Arrhythmia

 < 0.001

-

 No

433 (59.15%)

773 (70.08%)

393 (71.20%)

 Yes

299 (40.85%)

330 (29.92%)

159 (28.80%)

Hemorrhagic stroke

0.069

-

 No

709 (96.86%)

1083 (98.19%)

544 (98.55%)

 Yes

23 (3.14%)

20 (1.81%)

8 (1.45%)

Ischemic stroke

0.508

-

 No

510 (69.67%)

784 (71.08%)

401 (72.64%)

 Yes

222 (30.33%)

319 (28.92%)

151 (27.36%)

Cancer

0.042

-

 No

701 (95.77%)

1074 (97.37%)

541 (98.01%)

 Yes

31 (4.23%)

29 (2.63%)

11 (1.99%)

Associated injuries

0.035

-

 No

666 (90.98%)

1032 (93.56%)

521 (94.38%)

 Yes

66 (9.02%)

71 (6.44%)

31 (5.62%)

Dementia

0.001

-

 No

686 (93.72%)

1065 (96.55%)

538 (97.46%)

 Yes

46 (6.28%)

38 (3.45%)

14 (2.54%)

COPD

0.027

-

 No

677 (92.49%)

1028 (93.20%)

530 (96.01%)

 Yes

55 (7.51%)

75 (6.80%)

22 (3.99%)

Virus hepatitis

0.045

-

 No

699 (95.49%)

1071 (97.10%)

540 (97.83%)

 Yes

33 (4.51%)

32 (2.90%)

12 (2.17%)

Gastritis

0.617

-

 No

717 (97.95%)

1087 (98.55%)

543 (98.37%)

 Yes

15 (2.05%)

16 (1.45%)

9 (1.63%)

Treatment strategy

 < 0.001

-

 Conservation

102 (13.93%)

72 (6.53%)

21 (3.80%)

 ORIF

514 (70.22%)

756 (68.54%)

317 (57.43%)

 HA

115 (15.71%)

262 (23.75%)

194 (35.14%)

 THA

1 (0.14%)

13 (1.18%)

20 (3.62%)

Time to admission (h)

122.38 ± 334.64

65.26 ± 211.11

52.07 ± 209.43

 < 0.001

 < 0.001

Time to operation (d)

4.51 ± 2.93

4.19 ± 2.33

4.23 ± 2.43

0.035

0.091

Operation time (mins)

97.84 ± 39.46

92.45 ± 36.96

95.05 ± 34.84

0.016

0.012

Blood loss (mL)

261.97 ± 168.35

242.74 ± 153.89

229.21 ± 152.63

0.002

0.098

Infusion (mL)

1543.74 ± 417.19

1558.61 ± 378.33

1611.81 ± 370.13

0.009

 < 0.001

Transfusion (U)

1.58 ± 1.29

1.10 ± 1.26

0.70 ± 1.09

 < 0.001

 < 0.001

Stay in hospital (d)

9.17 ± 3.73

8.81 ± 3.83

8.56 ± 2.98

0.01

0.012

Follow-up (months)

32.68 ± 19.62

39.94 ± 18.37

39.65 ± 15.98

 < 0.001

 < 0.001

Mortality

 < 0.001

-

 Survival

354 (48.36%)

801 (72.62%)

445 (80.62%)

 Dead

378 (51.64%)

302 (27.38%)

107 (19.38%)