Comparison of intravenous nalbuphine and dexmedetomidine in combination with lidocaine aerosol inhalation in awake direct laryngoscopy: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial

Table 1 Patients’ baseline characteristics and intraoperative characteristics

Characteristics/ intraoperative variables	Control group (n = 20)	Dex group (n = 20)	Nal group (n = 20)	P Value
Age (mean ± SD), yr	48 ± 13	43 ± 12	46 ± 11	0.525^a
BMI (mean ± SD), kg/m²	23.4 ± 3.9	23.7 ± 2.3	25.8 ± 3.8	0.068^a
Sex, no. (%)				0.812^b
Female	12 (60)	13 (65)	11 (55)
Male	8 (40)	7 (35)	9 (45)
ASA, no. (%)				0.889^d
I	17 (85)	16 (80)	17 (85)
II	3 (15)	4 (10)	3 (15)
C-L	2 (2,2)	2 (2,2)	2 (2,2)	0.744^c
Baseline MAP, mmHg	90 ± 12	92 ± 14	90 ± 13	0.843^a
Baseline HR, beat/min	79 ± 11	71 ± 9	74 ± 11	0.086^a
Baseline SpO₂, %	98 ± 1	98 ± 1	99 ± 1	0.974^a

Abbreviations: BMI body mass index, ASA American Society of Anesthesiologists, MAP mean arterial pressure, HR heart rate, SpO₂ peripheral oxygen saturation
^aAnalyzed using one-way ANOVA
^bAnalyzed using the χ² test
^cAnalyzed using the Kruskal-Wallis test
^dAnalyzed using continuity correction chi-square test

ISSN: 2047-0525