Table 1 The causes of IPH in Western medicine
Causes of IPH | Factors |
|---|---|
Surgical factors | Surgery duration > 2 h, major or open surgeries |
Anesthesia-related factors | Type and duration (> 2 h) of anesthesia, use of anesthetic drugs |
Patient-related factors | Age ≥ 65 years, BMI < 25 kg/m2, ASA classification > II, baseline hypothermia or a tendency toward hypothermia, comorbidities such as peripheral vascular disease, endocrine disorders, trauma, or burn history |
Environmental factors | Low ambient temperature |
Intraoperative management factors | Excessive body surface exposure during surgery, lack of necessary coverage for nonsurgical areas, ineffective warming measures and infusion of unwarmed fluids > 1000 ml, use of unwarmed irrigation fluids > 500 ml during surgery |