Table 1 Currently identified risk factors for CPSP after TKA

Obesity (BMI ≥ 28 kg/m²)

Elevated BMI is a risk factor for poor joint function recovery after TKA (Guo et al. 2022).

Psychological status

Preoperative mental state (including anxiety and depression) may increase the risk of CPSP (Kim et al. 2018).

Age and sex

Relatively young patients are more sensitive to pain and may feel knee pain more easily, and female TKA patients may be more likely to report CPSP than male patients (Singh et al. 2008).

History of knee surgery

The incidence of CPSP after TKA revision surgery and/or with other knee surgery history was greater than that after primary TKA (Skou et al. 2013; Petersen et al. 2015).

Preoperative moderate to severe pain

Patients with severe knee pain (NRS ≥ 4) and limited range of motion before TKA were more likely to experience moderate or severe pain 6 months after TKA (Noiseux et al. 2014; Ghoshal et al. 2023; Sun et al. 2021).

Fibromyalgia syndrome (FMS)

FMS is a group of syndromes characterized by extensive pain and tenderness throughout the body (Clauw 2014). Patients with FMS have increased the incidence of CPSP after TKA can reach 44% (D'Apuzzo et al. 2012).