Table 1 Clinical characteristics in the training and validation cohorts

Group

0.449

 No-EGAL

668 (86.2%)

197 (84.5%)

471 (86.9%)

 EGAL

107 (13.8%)

36 (15.5%)

71 (13.1%)

Sex (male), n (%)

609 (78.6%)

179 (76.8%)

430 (79.3%)

0.493

Age (years)

62.0 [56.0; 67.0]

63.0 [57.0; 67.0]

62.0 [56.0; 67.0]

0.522

Smoking history

0.563

 None

336 (43.4%)

106 (45.5%)

230 (42.4%)

 Moderate

151 (19.5%)

47 (20.2%)

104 (19.2%)

 Lots

288 (37.2%)

80 (34.3%)

208 (38.4%)

BMI (kg/m²)

21.9 [20.1; 23.8]

22.0 [20.2; 23.9]

21.7 [20.1; 23.7]

0.277

Weight (kg)

60.0 [53.5; 67.0]

61.0 [54.5; 66.0]

60.0 [53.0; 67.0]

0.375

GNRI

102 [97.9; 106]

102 [98.1; 106]

102 [97.9; 107]

0.843

FEV1 (L)

2.65 [2.16; 3.08]

2.59 [2.18; 3.12]

2.67 [2.14; 3.08]

0.938

MVV (L)

98.5 [82.7; 111]

98.7 [83.3; 111]

98.5 [82.7; 111]

0.497

Alcohol consumption

0.120

 None

531 (68.5%)

162 (69.5%)

369 (68.1%)

 Moderate

63 (8.13%)

12 (5.15%)

51 (9.41%)

 Lots

181 (23.4%)

59 (25.3%)

122 (22.5%)

Hypertension ( +), n (%)

153 (19.7%)

44 (18.9%)

109 (20.1%)

0.768

Diabetes ( +), n (%)

64 (8.26%)

17 (7.30%)

47 (8.67%)

0.620

CHD ( +), n (%)

48 (6.19%)

12 (5.15%)

36 (6.64%)

0.530

Neoadjuvant ( +), n (%)

387 (49.9%)

111 (47.6%)

276 (50.9%)

0.447

Location of tumor

0.762

 Upper

57 (7.35%)

16 (6.87%)

41 (7.56%)

 Middle

364 (47.0%)

106 (45.5%)

258 (47.6%)

 Lower

354 (45.7%)

111 (47.6%)

243 (44.8%)

Position of anastomosis

0.298

 Neck

741 (95.6%)

226 (97.0%)

515 (95.0%)

 Intrathoracic

34 (4.39%)

7 (3.00%)

27 (4.98%)

Duration of surgery (min)

320 [288; 365]

323 [289; 363]

318 [288; 367]

0.692

Blood loss (mL)

97.3 [71.0; 123]

94.5 [71.0; 121]

98.4 [71.0; 123.3]

0.200

Pathological staging

0.975

 0

59 (7.61%)

18 (7.73%)

41 (7.56%)

 1

217 (28.0%)

65 (27.9%)

152 (28.0%)

 2

208 (26.8%)

66 (28.3%)

142 (26.2%)

 3

267 (34.5%)

77 (33.0%)

190 (35.1%)

 4

24 (3.10%)

7 (3.00%)

17 (3.14%)

Number of lymph node dissection

33.0 [25.0; 42.0]

32.0 [26.0; 42.0]

33.0 [25.0; 42.0]

0.999

Vascular invasion ( +), n (%)

153 (19.8%)

44 (18.9%)

109 (20.1%)

0.759

Nerve infiltration ( +), n (%)

217 (28.0%)

64 (27.5%)

154 (28.4%)

0.788

Hospitalization days (day)

10.0 [8.00; 14.0]

10.0 [8.00; 14.0]

11.0 [8.00; 14.0]

0.205

Neck extubation (day)

6.00 [4.00; 8.00]

6.00 [4.00; 8.00]

6.00 [4.00; 8.00]

0.143

Surgical methods

0.832

 Thoracoscope

635 (81.9%)

191 (82.0%)

444 (81.9%)

 DVSS

140 (18.1%)

42 (18.0%)

98 (18.1%)