Table 1 Classification and clinical characteristics of patients based on measures for pain relief

Gender, n (%)

0.901

 Female

191 (69.7)

89 (70.1)

102 (69.4)

 Male

83 (30.3)

38 (29.9)

45 (30.6)

Age, mean ± SD

64.9 ± 6.5

64.2 ± 6.7

65.5 ± 6.3

0.101

FEV1/FVC%, mean ± SD

88.7 ± 19.6

89.0 ± 19.4

88.4 ± 19.9

0.815

Diabetes mellitus, n (%)

0.176

 No

186 (67.9)

81 (63.8)

105 (71.4)

 Yes

88 (32.1)

46 (36.2)

42 (28.6)

Hypertension, n (%)

0.274

 No

221 (80.7)

106 (83.5)

115 (78.2)

 Yes

53 (19.3)

21 (16.5)

32 (21.8)

Smoking, n (%)

0.898

 No

178 (65.0)

82 (64.6)

96 (65.3)

 Yes

96 (35.0)

45 (35.4)

51 (34.7)

Drinking, n (%)

0.332

 No

185 (67.5)

82 (64.6)

103 (70.1)

 Yes

89 (32.5)

45 (35.4)

44 (29.9)

Prealbumin, mean ± SD

270.0 ± 20.7

264.4 ± 21.8

274.8 ± 18.5

 < 0.001

T stage, n (%)

0.069

 T1

75 (27.4)

41 (32.3)

34 (23.1)

 T2

71 (25.9)

36 (28.3)

35 (23.8)

 T3

128 (46.7)

50 (39.4)

78 (53.1)

N stage, n (%)

0.285

 N0

172 (62.8)

80 (63)

92 (62.6)

 N1

61 (22.3)

25 (19.7)

36 (24.5)

 N2

30 (10.9)

14 (11)

16 (10.9)

 N3

11 (4.0)

8 (6.3)

3 (2)

Arrhythmia, n (%)

0.068

 No

222 (81.0)

97 (76.4)

125 (85)

 Yes

52 (19.0)

30 (23.6)

22 (15)

Pleural effusion, n (%)

0.09

 No

252 (92.0)

113 (89)

139 (94.6)

 Yes

22 (8.0)

14 (11)

8 (5.4)

VAS score, mean ± SD

6.0 ± 2.2

7.1 ± 2.3

5.0 ± 1.5

 < 0.001

FPS score, mean ± SD

5.6 ± 2.0

6.7 ± 1.7

4.7 ± 1.7

 < 0.001

Postoperative pain score, mean ± SD

5.8 ± 1.6

6.9 ± 1.5

4.9 ± 1.1

 < 0.001

Daily non-opioid medication dosage, mean ± SD

813.1 ± 272.5

809.4 ± 280.4

816.3 ± 266.4

0.835

Daily opioid medication dosage, mean ± SD

44.9 ± 20.93

Nausea, n (%)

0.308

 No

233 (85.0)

111 (87.4)

122 (83)

 Yes

41 (15.0)

16 (12.6)

25 (17)

Constipation, n (%)

0.252

 No

256 (93.4)

121 (95.3)

135 (91.8)

 Yes

18 (6.6)

6 (4.7)

12 (8.2)

Length of hospital stays, mean ± SD

15.6 ± 6.9

17.3 ± 6.8

14.1 ± 6.7

 < 0.001