Table 1 Study characteristics

Number of patients (N, %)

2956 (60.7)

1910 (39.3)

Age (year) (median, IQR)

62 (11)

75 (7)

P < 0.000

Female

1530 (51.8)

792 (41.5)

P < 0.001

ASA class

2

2

P < 0.001

 I

360 (12.2)

83 (4.3)

 II

1867 (63.2)

1115 (58.4)

 III

706 (23.9)

682 (35.7)

 IV

21 (0.7)

28 (1.5)

Activity level

23

30

P < 0.001

 < 4 METs

109 (3.7)

170 (8.9)

 ≥ 4 METs

2824 (95.5)

1710 (89.5)

Functional status

11

17

P < 0.001

 Independent

2806 (94.9)

1662 (87)

 Partially dependent

130 (4.4)

226 (11.8)

 Totally dependent

9 (0.3)

5 (0.3)

Comorbidities

 Hypertension requiring medication

1109 (37.5)

2

1047 (54.8)

3

P < 0.001

 Ischemic heart disease

227 (7.7)

6

342 (17.9)

4

P < 0.001

 Chronic heart failure or cardiomyopathy

64 (2.2)

7

109 (5.7)

5

P < 0.001

 Peripheral vascular disease or abdominal aortic aneurysm

196 (6.6)

4

277 (14.5)

4

P < 0.001

 Dementia

3 (0.1)

0

12 (0.6)

0

P = 0.001

 Cerebrovascular disease

125 (4.2)

1

220 (11.5)

0

P < 0.001

 Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

243 (8.2)

1

212 (11.1)

0

P < 0.001

 Malignancy

1146 (38.8)

1

807 (42.3)

0

P = 0.016

 Diabetes

412 (13.9)

1

329 (17.2)

0

P = 0.002

 Chronic renal failure

205 (6.9)

2

253 (13.2)

0

P < 0.001