Fig. 1

Typical carotid artery flow Doppler spectrograms in the normal conditions and hypovolemic conditions. a In the normal conditions, VTI was obtained; time 2 was the FT and time 3 was the CT. HR from ultrasound was also obtained. b In the hypovolemic conditions, VTI was obtained; time 2 was the FT, and time 3 was the CT. HR from ultrasound was also obtained. FT, flow time; CT, cycle time; HR, heart rate; VTI, velocity time integral