Table 2 Baseline characteristics by binary frailty status (n = 669)

Age, year, mean (SD)

68.9 (9.25)

67.5 (10.1)

NS

a

Female

61 (27.2%)

100 (22.5%)

NS

c

Comorbidities

 Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

77 (34.4%)

37 (8.3%)

 < 0.001

0.31

c

 Peripheral vascular disease

30 (13.4%)

19 (4.3%)

 < 0.001

0.16

c

 Arrhythmia

51 (22.8%)

45 (10.1%)

 < 0.001

0.17

c

 AF/flutter

46 (20.5%)

45 (10.1%)

 Pacing

2 (0.8%)

0

 Other abnormal rhythm

3 (1.3%)

0

 Cancer

54 (24.1%)

31 (7.0%)

 < 0.001

0.24

c

 Heart failure

136 (60.7)

140 (31.5%)

 < 0.001

0.27

c

 Diabetes mellitus

111 (49.6%)

104 (23.4%)

 < 0.001

0.26

c

 Dialysis

0 (0%)

1 (0.2%)

NS

0.04

d

 Drug or alcohol abuse

21 (9.3%)

11 (2.4%)

 < 0.001

0.16

d

 Hemiparesis

18 (8.0%)

6 (1.3%)

 < 0.001

0.17

c

 Hypertension

213 (95.1%)

376 (84.5%)

 < 0.001

0.15

c

 Myocardial infarction

106 (47.3%)

129 (29%)

 < 0.001

0.18

c

 Multimorbidity (CVS + > 2)

136 (60.7%)

51 (11.5%)

 < 0.001

0.5

c

 Rheumatic disease

15 (6.7%)

12 (2.7%)

NS

0.09

c

 Cerebrovascular disease

3 (1.3%)

1 (0.2%)

NS

0.07

d

 BMI (kg/m²)

30 (5.59)

28.3 (4.87)

 < 0.001

a

 Smokers (current/ex)

166 (76.1%)

265 (59.6%)

 < 0.001

0.14

c

 EuroSCORE (median, range)

3.9 (5.23)

2.25 (2.81)

 < 0.001

a

Admission conditions

 Elective

119 (53.1%)

268 (60.2%)

NS

0.07

c

 Urgent

105 (46.9%)

177 (39.8%)

Type of surgery

 CABG

112 (50.0%)

213 (47.9%)

NS

0.10

c

 Valve

60 (26.8%)

159 (35.7%)

 CABG&Valve

52 (23.2%)

73 (16.4%)

% income (E + W)

21 (17.6)

26.2 (18.7)

 < 0.001

a

WIMD

 0–10% most deprived

26 (11.7%)

21 (4.8%)

 < 0.001

0.22

c

 10–20% most deprived

35 (15.7%)

36 (8.1%)

 50% least deprived

83 (37.2%)

256 (57.9%)

 Deep-rooted deprivation, yes

8 (3.6%)

0 (0%)

 < 0.001

0.15

d

 Deep poverty, yes

64 (28.6%)

76 (17.1%)

 < 0.001

0.13

c